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Sharks are such successful hunters in part because their senses are so well-adapted to finding prey in the water. Learn about sharks' senses of smell, hearing, sight, taste, and electroreception in this episode of BrainStuff, based on these articles: https://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/sharks/shark-senses.htm/printable; https://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/sharks/shark-yummy-hum.htm

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Episode:

Duration:
12m
Broadcast on:
25 Jul 2024
Audio Format:
mp3
This episode is brought to you by the United Explorer Card. Earned 60,000 bonus miles for your next journey with the United Explorer Card, then set up for adventure as you take in the world with exceptional travel rewards, like a free-checked bag, two times the miles on United purchases, and two times the miles on dining and at hotels. Become an explorer today and start earning the miles that lead to unforgettable places and new destinations tomorrow. Cards issued by JP Morgan Chase Bank NA, member FDIC, subject-to-credit approval, offers subject to change, terms apply. Meet the real woman behind the tabloid headlines in a personal podcast that delves into the life of the notorious Tory spelling, as she takes us through the ups and downs of her sometimes glamorous, sometimes chaotic, life and marriage. I just filed for divorce. Whoa, I said the words that I've said like in my head for like 16 years while. Listen to Miss Spelling on the iHeartRadio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Hi, I'm Danny Shapiro, host of the hit podcast Family Secrets. Imagine this, your parents sign away your childhood to an academic psychological study. And what about if your sister is very publicly tried, convicted and sent to prison when really, she was just telling her long, buried truths? These tough questions are just a few that we'll be grappling with on our upcoming 10th season of Family Secrets. Listen to season 10 of Family Secrets on the iHeartRadio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to the Cino Show. I'm your host, Cino McFarland. I'm an addiction specialist. I'm a coach, I'm a translator and I'm God's middle man. My job is to crack hearts and let the light in and help everyone shift the narrative. I want to help you wake up and I want to help you get free. Most importantly, I don't want you to feel alone. Listen to the Cino Show every Wednesday on iHeartRadio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to BrainStuff, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey BrainStuff, Lauren Boglebaum here. Sharks are cool. These beautiful, powerful, toothy creatures have been swimming Earth's oceans for some 300 million years. Some species that exist today haven't really changed much since the age of the dinosaurs. They fascinate and sometimes frighten us because they're such keen predators, thanks to a number of adaptations that have clearly stood the test of time. Though, to be clear, we are far more of a danger to them than they are to us. Toilets injure some 40,000 Americans every year and sharks injure right around 15. Not 15,000, just 15. But it's easy to see why they make us a little nervous or perhaps appropriately wary. When we humans swim in the ocean, our senses are limited. Our hearing is muffled. We can't really see without goggles. We can't smell anything without breathing in water. But shark senses are perfectly primed for an underwater environment. Today, let's talk about how those senses work. First up, smell. The sharks have been referred to as swimming noses. A research has shown that some sharks can sniff out fish extracts and water at a ratio of one part in 10 billion. Other research found that sharks can respond to as little blood in the water as one part in a million. That's like being able to detect one teaspoon of something in an Olympic-sized swimming pool. How does the shark do this? Just under the snout are two nasal cavities or narys. Each narys has two openings, one for water to enter and one for water to exit. The shark sucks or pulls the water into the narys through what's called a nasal sack. The nasal sack is filled with a series of skin folds that contain sensory cells, which send signals to the shark's brain. The olfactory lobes in the shark's brain analyze the data, looking for anything that matches the scent of potential prey or potential mates. And sharks have pretty advanced equipment up there. The olfactory lobes can make up two thirds of a shark's brain weight. Once a shark identifies a scent and decides to pursue, it starts swimming. The shark's natural swimming motion moves its head from side to side, which provides further assistance in determining where the scent is coming from, because a shark's sense of smell is directional. With each movement, the snout picks up more water for the shark to analyze and hone in on whatever it's smelling. Its sense of smell works so well partially because a shark's nose doesn't have anything else to do. Unlike a human with a nose connected to our lungs, sharks breathe through separate gills. Next up, hearing. If you've never seen a shark's ear, that's because they have no outer ear structures, just a hole on either side of their head. But because injured and therefore easy prey tend to flop around and emit low frequency pulsing hums, it pays for sharks to be tuned into those sounds. That pulse is sometimes called a yummy hum for that reason. It's like a dinner belt with a shark. A shark's ear consists of three D-shaped fluid-filled canals that allow the shark to orient and balance itself like your inner ears do, and tiny hair-like structures that sense the vibrations of sound waves in the water. Because sound, and especially that low frequency sound, travels farther and faster underwater. Sharks are easily able to detect their prey from distances of more than 800 feet. That's about 250 meters or more than two football fields. And sharks also hear with another sensory organ called lateral lines. These are a set of tubes that crisscross just under the shark's skin. A two main ones run on both sides of the body from the shark's head all the way to its tail. Water flows into these main tubes through pores on the skin's surface. The insides of the tubes are lined with more hair-like sensory structures. A sound waves or nearby movement will cause vibrations in the water in the lateral lines, which the shark can interpret to help it hone in on things around it. But let's talk vision. Some less active sharks that stay near the water's surface don't have particularly acute eyesight, while sharks that live in the deeps have very large eyes that let them see in near darkness. A most have eyes positioned one on each side of their heads, giving them a nearly 360-degree field of vision. They can typically only see about 50 feet or 15 meters around them, and they do have two major blind spots, one right in front of the snout and one behind their head. So a sense of sight is really only important to a shark once it's closed in on its prey. Their eyes work much like ours, but unlike us, sharks that swim in the deep, dark parts of the ocean can still see well thanks to the tepidum lucidum. This is a structure located behind the retina that's made of mirror-like crystals. When light goes through the retina and hits those crystals, it's reflected back onto the retina, giving the shark a second chance of perceiving anything moving through its field of view. A cat's eyes have the same structure, and that's why both cat eyes and shark eyes appear to glow in the dark, though a shark's tepidum lucidum can be about two times as effective as a cat's. The humans lack this structure, which is why some sharks can see about 10 times better than a human can in dim light. Another unique thing about shark eyes is the eyelid. Sharks use their eyelids primarily as protective measure, or when it's feeding time, or when the shark has an encounter with another shark, it will close its eyelids to protect the eyes from abrasion. However, a shark's eyelids don't close all the way. Some sharks have a third lid known as a nictitating membrane, which will fully protect the eye. The sharks that don't have this feature, such as the great white and the whale shark, will roll their eyes back into their heads to protect the delicate structures. This is also why they look wildly wide-eyed while they're attacking. Many shark species also rely heavily on their sense of taste. Before these sharks eat something, they'll give it a test bite first. The sensitive taste buds clustered in the mouth analyze the potential meal to see if it's a good one. Sharks will often reject prey outside of their ordinary diet, such as human beings, after this first bite. And sharks also possess electroreception. They can sense electrical fields, like the faint ones created by a beating heart. The organ that lets them do this is called the empulae of Lorenzini. These are small clusters of electrically sensitive receptor cells positioned under the skin in the shark's head. They're connected to pores on the skin's surface via small jelly-filled tubes. Researchers are still learning about this organ, but they seem to help sharks sense potential prey, even if it's not flopping about. So yes, all of this makes sharks extremely good at what they do, and should inspire a healthy respect in anything swimming with them. I certainly prefer my shark encounters to be from behind some good, thick aquarium glass. Today's episode is based on the article "How to Shark See, Smell in Here" on howstoforks.com, written by Molly Edmonds, with additional material from the article "What's a Shark's Yummy Hum" by Josh Clark, and the BrainStiff video "How to Shark Senses Work" written by Ben Bolin. BrainStiff is production of iHeartRadio in partnership with howstoforks.com, and is produced by Tyler Clang. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Meet the real woman behind the tabloid headlines in a personal podcast that delves into the life of the notorious Tory spelling, as she takes us through the ups and downs of her sometimes glamorous, sometimes chaotic, life in marriage. I just filed for divorce. Whoa, I said the words that I've said like in my head for like 16 years, wild. Listen to misspelling on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. For 10 years, I've been obsessed with one of the most bizarre and audacious cons in rock and roll history. We were all facing 20 years and all that stuff. The lead singer tried to pull off in an English accent, and they went on the road as the zombies. These guys are not going to get away with it. The zombie here, too popular. Listen to the true story of the fake zombies on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hi, I'm Danny Shapiro, host of the hit podcast Family Secrets. Imagine this, your parents sign away your childhood to an academic psychological study. And what about if your sister is very publicly tried, convicted, and sent to prison, when really, she was just telling her long, buried truths. These tough questions are just a few that will be grappling with on our upcoming 10th season of Family Secrets. Listen to season 10 of Family Secrets on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to the Cino Show. I'm your host, Cino McFarland. I'm an addiction specialist. I'm a coach. I'm a translator, and I'm God's middleman. My job is to crack hearts and let the light in, and help everyone shift the narrative. I want to help you wake up, and I want to help you get free. Most importantly, I don't want you to feel alone. Listen to the Cino Show every Wednesday on iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.