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The Evolving Wellness Podcast with Sarah Kleiner Wellness

What To Eat When Traveling + How Traveling Impacts Your Metabolism | Dr. Sara Pugh PT. 1

How does travel and nonnative EMF impact your metabolism and your ability to digest and break down food and nutrients? In this episode, Dr. Sara Pugh and I explore the fascinating intersection of travel, nonnative EMF, and their impact on metabolism and nutrient absorption. We discuss insights from our experiences as practitioners, and discuss the effects of diets like keto and carnivore. Join us as we share personal stories and expert tips on optimizing health amidst modern challenges.


Topics Discussed: 

  • 03:07 - Recapping Sara’s trip to the states 

  • 05:50 - Nonverbal and non-speaking autism 

  • 13:06 - The first time we met 

  • 15:37 - Hydrogen tablets & methylene blue

  • 20:20 - Dosing for methylene blue 

  • 21:54 - Supporting your body’s endogenous production 

  • 24:01 - Tips for flying 

  • 26:09 - Flight protocol 

  • 30:50 - Circadian rhythms at different latitudes 

  • 33:24 - Synthesizing vitamin D 

  • 37:40 - Introducing carbs to your diet 

  • 40:22 - Carnivore, keto, and UV 

  • 44:45 - Metabolism speed

  • 51:35 - UV’s impact on hormones 

  • 53:47 -  Simplifying your life 

  • 57:04 - Weight Loss 

  • 01:03:04 - Weight gain and leptin resistance


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Duration:
1h 8m
Broadcast on:
03 Jul 2024
Audio Format:
mp3

How does travel and non-native EMF impact your metabolism and your ability to digest and break down food and nutrients? And let's talk more about diet, what about keto and carnivore diets and what are some negative things that Dr. Sarah Pugh and I have seen on different lab tests on ourselves and clinically working with clients. Today, I am releasing part one of the full episode with Dr. Pugh. I was asked multiple times in comments on YouTube recently to release the full episode. So I'm releasing it in chunks, it's two hours long. So today is hour one and next week will be hour two. Again, if you want to listen to it all in one, you can always join my private membership group. Just go to sarahclinerwellness.com and select membership group. And that is posted there in the group. If you want to watch the full episode all at once, otherwise if you are listening to this over on Apple or Spotify, make sure to subscribe. And if you're on YouTube, make sure you are subscribed to get the next episode next week, where we dive more into nutrition, weight loss, and even talk a little bit about hydrogen and Dr. Sarah Pugh's experience with hydrogen while she was here in the US. This is a really fun conversation between two friends. We kind of forgot that we were even recording after about half an hour. You just kind of let it rip, so pull up a chair, pour yourself something nice to drink, maybe a sparkling glass of mineral structured water. And let's talk. Thanks so much for watching. Let's get into the conversation. A lot of people are quick to talk about the benefits of sunlight. But what gets often missed in the conversation is the benefit of darkness and the importance of protecting yourself from blue and green light after sunset. That is why I choose Viva Rays as my go-to source for protecting my circadian rhythms. You can use the code yogi to say 15% off at Viva Rays. Now, you may have seen some of these studies popping up. I call them fear-mongering about blue blockers not being effective. And that is a partial truth because when you use blue blockers that are clear or that have not been tested with a spectrometer to actually block what they say they do, they will not protect your circadian rhythms. And they are not catching those key wavelengths that you need to be blocking in order for your body to be able to repair for you to make melatonin, which is a master antioxidant. An artificial light at night has been in the scientific literature extensively linked to a host of hormonal cancers, obesity, diabetes, and all sorts of metabolic issues. And again, is why I choose Viva Rays as my go-to source for protecting my circadian rhythms to allow my body to get adequate darkness at night. You can use the code yogi to say 15% over at Viva Rays. And you can actually trust that they block the frequencies of light that they say they do. Thanks to Viva Rays for sponsoring today's podcast. Hello, everybody. Welcome back. Sarah and I have decided we're going to do a little recap conversation. We're going to talk about all the things today. You just got back to the UK. It's been a week ago now, which is crazy. The time just goes that fast, but you were here from the beginning of April until Memorial Day. So a solid two months that you were here. So we're just going to talk about all the things. Oh, absolutely. There's so many things like quantum and otherwise. I mean, people probably know that Atlanta's going to host the World Cup, the soccer. And my dad's first thing he said was they haven't met our football hooligans, but he means the English ones because Wales never qualified for the World Cup, although they're just as bad. So yes, it's something that it's a really interesting place to go. But I think also there's a lot of talk about sun exposure and having to move to lower latitudes and people being worried because they can't move or don't want to. And I think there's a lot to be said about. I think obviously I had to get home for other reasons, but it was getting so hot that it was becoming problematic to go outside. And also the burn risk was high. And I don't know what my skin type is. It's probably like a Fitzpatrick two and a half or three. And even I was like, wary, I just thought if I went for a walk and got caught in this, this would not be good. So yeah, definitely. And also there's a lot we can say because I think from my posts, people know that quest is about 10 minutes away. So I really capitalized on that for lab tests. And in the UK, we do have testing places, but it's kind of really, it's not something that British people do as much. But I think there's no reason to because I'm so much now about helping or teaching people to just be independent or think for themselves. And I think our favorite phrase this time is there isn't a protocol. Yeah, because that's what everyone wants. I mean, that's what sells is like, I'm going to give you a specific protocol for this. And I'm like, no, they're, they're, I think there's guidelines that people can follow, but protocols are very individual and something that you have to figure out for you that also fits into your lifestyle and where you live and your particular goals. And so the protocol thing is, it gets old after a while, you know? Oh, yeah, definitely. But I think there's lots of things we could talk about because again, it was my second trip to see you and the family. And it was definitely much better this time, not that it was bad last time, but I think a lot of it was your daughter was so much better. Yeah. And I think that was a, like, it was really nice for me to see that because, you know, I know that we've gone all year, especially if you've gone down so many rabbit holes for her and, you know, you could write a whole book on what didn't work. But then you also found things that do really help and work for her. So it's nice to get to know her on a more deep level. Yeah. So for people who don't know, her daughter has isn't, is a nonverbal, as we'd say, autistic. However, she can use a letter board and she is one of the funniest, you know, there's the person in the letterboard with the humor is just on another level. And I think that's one thing that is bigger in the US than it is in the UK. The idea of the people who parents think the children can't speak for, you know, 20 years, maybe or, or, you know, whatever. And it turns out that there are things called letterboards. And I can't remember the name of the dad, the DJ, he's famous in the UK. His son called Murray is a nonverbal. I'll remember as soon as this is finished, but, but I think people may be aware of it. But I've spoken to people who have children that can't talk and they haven't never heard of a letter board. Yeah. So yes. Yeah. I mean, it was, and a lot of the people that are that do this kind of technique with their kids, like Alexis, they say that the kids are non-speaking, but they're not nonverbal because if they were nonverbal, they would not be able to actually have words in their head, so they call them non-speakers. But yeah, it's something that we didn't discover until she was nine. And it was kind of like, yeah, it was shocking when she was able to at nine years old without anyone ever teaching her directly, like any sort of language arts, like I had been reading to her because I just had this suspicion. I'm like, she knows everything that I'm saying. So I would read books to her aloud and she would actually just kind of hang out and listen. And when we started doing the letter boards, this, all the things I had read to her, she was wanting to discuss with me on the board. She knew how to spell words like the, she said, I wanted, I wanted to make bracelets. And I said, okay, well, what color should we, of the thread, should we get to make these bracelets? And she spells vermilion at nine. And I'm like, what the heck is vermilion? You know, like, so a lot of these kids are just kind of trapped in their bodies. And as a parent, when you find out that their whole life that they have had everything going on, like I knew for years, I fought with the school with everybody, I said, I'm not going to give her an intellectually disabled diagnosis, I will not allow that because she's not as she's brilliant. But we just haven't been able to tap into it yet. And so, yeah, then, then when she got on the board, she proved everybody wrong. And so there are, I think a lot of the kids that are classified as like nonverbal and low IQ, I really feel like they could be tapped into and they are in there. And there is a person in there. And it's kind of devastating when you think about it, of how many kids are just kind of being pushed out and not helped. But yeah, all we can do is keep having conversations like this and hope that people know that this sort of thing is out there. Yeah, absolutely. Because I think with your daughter, Alexis, because I've done hypnosis, which is working a lot actually nonverbally and also from the age of, I think, yeah, it would have been 17 till 20, I always worked in seniors homes and there was lots of people who had dementia and it's, and they still can pick up on your emotional energy and your mood and nonverbal signals and also anybody who's worked with dementia or children, I have met lots of other children like Alexis, they can be incredibly violent and it's not their fault, including seniors who've got dementia, and I never have been attacked or bitten or punched or anything. And when I worked in the seniors home, it did happen a lot. So again, there is like another level of how humans can interact and also it's about always being calm and if I went into the seniors home in a bad mood, even if they can't talk or people think they've got no idea what's going on, they know. And the same again, because Alexis is a whole different category there because I think the non-speakings are really a good description because her level of understanding and what she picks up on is we don't know enough because like you were saying, I think if she could get a typewriter to type or something where whatever she wants to say, maybe AI or something in the future will be able to speed up the process. I think it would be really helpful because it must be really frustrating for her to have to do one letter at a time. It's a bit like my dad writing a text. So you know, I think there's a lot, even though AI does scare me a bit, I think for things like this, there's going to be something which will be able to unlock a lot of people, I mean, especially the children and other situations where people have somehow got locked in the body. Because I know there are people who sometimes go into a coma and then they wake up and they're not who they used to be and stuff happens. So I think there's a lot more and Dr. Stephanie Seneff was once talking to me about it's the brain in hibernation and that's also for people on the autism spectrum because I'm talking about the, it's very difficult to talk about autism now because you know, they used to be aspergers and I've got friends who will say, oh, my son's on the spectrum, but he's at college and then there are people like who I've worked or they won't say names or anything where the children would literally jump around the house on a trampoline flapping and you know, it's something that's different for certain and you know, what we're referring to with Alexis is somebody who, people who do have somebody like this will know exactly what we mean and you know, we have full respect for the people who are on the spectrum and do things. That's great. But yeah, you know, I think for Alexis just to be able to type that would be massive. Yeah, and I mean, we're working towards it, it's just she's been really sick over the last year. Her health has been the biggest thing and that's why you came initially is because we were in crisis and everything I've talked about it on a solo Q&A episode in the last six weeks or so. I think I did that one. I mean, everything was just like at crisis level after she had that life threatening seizure back in August and seizures were new for her last year. Like everything last year in 2022 just went bonkers. And at the same time, you and I had started to just you were helping me with my membership group and we were just becoming friends and then everything went crazy when she was in the ICU and we were talking every day and then it got to the point where things were so out of hand, I was like fleeing the house with the baby, it was just awful. And then you were like, okay, I'm coming and at first my husband was like, no, we could make we could write an entire comedy series about your husband. I know. It's like also about my parents, but like I think I don't think either of them watch our channel, but you never know they might do. No. Yeah, Matt was like, is she a serial killer that she wants to just come to our house from the UK? Like who would you? Yeah, but also when I told my mum, she pretty much said, but what if you get what if what if they're trying to ensnare you and then they kill you and take all of your possessions? I was like, how are they supposed to get my possessions in a different, I was like, anyway, country, whatever. Yeah. And it's like, but then my dad was just saying, well, why, what's the point of you to always just talking to each other on the phone, just go and if it's terrible, just buy a flight and come home. Yeah. And then it's one of these things. I think a lot of it, you know, there's so much we can talk about mindset about sometimes you've just got to just take a leap and some of the most frightening doors, like it was frightening for both of us, the Atlanta thing that the biggest leap is actually some of the most fruitful things that you'll find because, you know, and I often just don't tell people I'm going to do. I just do it because they'll just say don't and so many people I know who really want to do something. It could be a business. It's an extreme sport, anything other people, you know, pull them back. And I think for a lot of people, you just have to just jump sometimes and just take the chance and see what happens because, you know, sometimes the scariest thing is actually one of the most life changing events of your life. And then, you know, a lot more becomes, you know, become less like afraid of stuff because definitely I think after that experience that, you know, it, I kind of really found myself. I just thought if I can completely live here and be happy and laugh and do my business and find peace and bliss, I can deal with anything. So yeah, it was, it was interesting, but also it's for you as well because the, you know, to have somebody you don't know come and live with you with your children is like, you know, people be, you know, like maybe your husband, what if somebody's a murderer, but then sometimes you just have to take a chance and also like our concern. I mean, I thought that for a second, but Matt, you know, Matt's skeptical of everybody when he's my husband and he's been around me with all of my hairbrained schemes or whatever, not schemes, but just things that I've tried and pull stance on hydrogen tablets. I loved them. And then I talked to Greg and he was like, never. And then I talked with Carrie and she's like, well, there's, you know, I've talked to a lot of different practitioners, and then I'm going to have Tyler LeBaron on the podcast in a couple of weeks. And it's like, I think that you can use them on like airplanes. I think that they can be you. I think there are some brands that don't have a bunch of heavy metals in them. I think last, it's, they're okay. And if I was on a flight, I would definitely bring hydrogen tablets. Now if I wanted to use hydrogen therapeutically, I would not rely upon tablets as a, like a day to day thing, because it would just be really expensive. And then I think a lot of the hydrogen benefits are off are from inhalation, not necessarily drinking. But I think the drinking can really help out with a lot of the oxidative stress that your body experiences on an airplane. And there's some interesting studies that show protection from non-native EMF. And so yeah, I would, I would still do the tablets on a plane for sure. Yeah. And we've tested so many different kinds of methylene blue and the troshes, you know, as much as like I go crazy because I hate spending money. They are really good. The transcriptions. Yeah, that's it. Yeah. I think my code there is Sarah with an H because I just bought a bunch of them too, because I love doing, and I don't put them in my mouth like, I don't know if you do that, but you can swallow those and still get the same effect because I just don't want to turn my mouth all blue because then I can't like, it just I don't want to look like a smurf. But I find those to be just as effective just you swallow the trophy. I don't know. Yeah, be more like you'd eaten a smurf. But anyway, yeah, I think it's, it's one of those things that there's also that there are other ways you can get them. I've seen methylene blue and capsules for the same things. It can stain certain crowns like dental dental. It doesn't stay in teeth because I've done so many experiments with it and gone really blue when it's all just disappeared somehow the next day, including all my skin. And then there's like compass labs, which I've used for ages that that's for the US and there's my toe labs in the UK. That's a 1% solution. And I do find that it does something and I've tested like so many different dosages for different reasons, but then I never take it for very long because it sort of works for me for like two or three days and then I just get pissed off and irritated and I have to stop it. It's not an every day type of a supplement. Like that's the thing you don't I maybe use it once every three weeks or so. I'll use it like if it's the week before my period right now and I'm kind of I was just feeling yesterday like I cannot get anything done. I just had this like brain fog just like I can't get things done. So I popped a trophy laid out in the sun, got really nice and sweaty, jumped in the cold plunge tub and then boom, my productivity was like through the roof, but I had to I had to give myself some support because there's some interesting studies about methylene blue and red light therapy. So obviously you get red light infrared from being laying out in the sun sunlight. So I think sunlight and methylene blue is a powerful combo or you know, red light handle red light therapy and methylene blue that can be also helpful for people if they need like a little boost, you know, oh yeah, definitely there's actually a study on that because when I was looking into things around the time of the pandemic, there was lots of studies on different kinds of red light near infrared just going outside and certain infectious agents and then there was like things which you could back on and then actually methylene blue is being used as an anti-malarial it's it's like hundreds of papers on it is a really interesting molecule and I think he's called Harry Rhodes that he's a UK inventor and he's at the past you sent me oh yes was it Harry Rhodes it sounds like Harold tears all over again and talking about the ether he talks about methylene blue as well and I think it's one of these things that some people don't approve it and others do and I'm very much these days about I don't I don't what you know there are certain things I will tell people what to do and other times you just have to continually get information from different sources and I'd say methylene blue is what one of those that there's different there's so many different dosages you have to be a bit careful because some of the dosages quoted if the IV methylene blue and that's a whole totally different thing you have to sometimes read the publication really carefully because sometimes it was a an IV and I've never tried that I'd be curious I'd like to but but I think definitely somebody here who does that next time you come back we could try it oh right okay yeah because that's the other thing to do with travel last time I back to the travel I there's a place you reminded me there's a place that I sometimes go to that does five passes of ozone and you can ask them to put other things in a drip so I I'm not a fan of B vitamins synthetic at all so I they do magnesium sulfate and you can put glutathione in and alpha lipoic acid and vitamin C is another one that I'm a bit you know okay ascorbic acid is very you know that's not natural but there are studies and you know I do think if you build the correct kind of I'd say if somebody was interested just the ozone on its own it just happens to be the place I go I've known them and you know they they sometimes have all new things to try in the IV and with glutathione it's one of those things that it's got a half-life of five minutes so I think it does do something but it's like methylene blue if you take glutathione all the time the liposomal version even though it might do something it can affect piezoelectrics in the cell and it does a dance with vitamin C and I think it's something it's one of those supplements that I used to find I thought it was really good and now I've kind of thought there's a time and a place and I think it's just one of those things taking it every day is very expensive and not and it could lose efficacy I think I I'm somebody who likes to pulse things in occasionally like all right let's do that for a week or two weeks and then pull it out you know because if there's a way that either number one your body can make it endogenously or two you can get it from food to take the supplement form as a long-term thing then I don't think that serves you you know you should look for nutrition or how to support your body's own endogenous production of something rather definitely reliant on it yeah and also with the glutathione because it you need to be put into liposomes and it's very unstable so I did buy some because I was going to do some an experiment with you but it never arrived and even if it had done it would have sat in the sweaty post for a week so it would have been useless because if you buy glutathione in this country you can get to a place that sells it and it always arrives on ice yeah so so that's the other caveat with with glutathione so yeah I think it's one of those things that I'm interested in because I know if you deplete your deuterium either naturally or sometimes even with a water that can raise glutathione and fasting raises glutathione as well but also I think it's a lot what I've learned now is rather than raising all these things in my body take away the stuff that the glutathione wants to bind to so in detox pathways things like glutathione methyl groups there's glucuronidation it's all for processing medication supplements toxins your own toxins so it's one of these things if you can just put less in for all of these molecules to have to deal with then your your methylation problems and all of these other problems go away because you've taken away the thing they're trying to sort of bind and anything you even like like say be with him in supplements or CBD or medicinal mushrooms your body your liver still has to deal with them and it's still got to use methyl groups or metals it tends to be glutathione that conjugates to things like mercury and stuff like that because we are going to talk about a htma panels and blood and mercury and stuff like that later so I've just found that sometimes just lessening the burden on myself because I do have enough of my own rather than constantly trying to put more in on top because you know it's it's it doesn't work so that was something I used to use on a flight because dr. Chris shade is kind of a liposome expert and he kind of drinks a whole bottle but then he it's his product and he can afford to and then other things on the airplane I found useful and consistently I've tried this over and over is the the the wizard juice week that the yeah it's the the neural RX very small you know because it's the MCT that's conjugated to see 60 so it's a lip a full ring and I've had lots of arguments with people online about C 60 because the interesting thing about it is it's it can't get into cells properly unless it's joined on to a lipid and if you attach it to an MCT or a different one with from wizard science the oleic acid just goes into different places and you've had iron on your podcast and he's like a polymath and he's like been a massive help to both of us in his own way so yes I have found that to be consistently good because I remember when I got to yours and like I did have a you know amount of jet lag should say or confusion and I was like right I'm just grading the wizard juice and then so I I replaced yours because I you know and then I've tried all the products and I find I just go back to that one yeah we tried the mydow pure yeah I didn't yeah I know it was all right I didn't really feel anything because that's why it has a little bit of methylene blue in it I care you're a lathene and it's got PQQ and I was you know I wouldn't I if somebody offered it to me I'd accept it but I wouldn't rebuy it I didn't feel a huge difference from that one okay but and it's pricey so I mean and you and I both like I bought I buy the the neural RX yeah and we use that here not every day but I think it it's good for Alexis I use it if I'm feeling kind of like brain foggy I'll use but I don't think you should use those things like every single day that's a thing people like we were just talking about earlier protocols I want a protocol like so I know I'm jumping all over the place if we had to create a I'm going to fly on a plane protocol I'm going to fly I'm actually going to fly to Miami in two weeks down one day and back the next day to do a podcast with someone I'm going to do a methylene blue I'm going to do I'm not going to probably buy any non-native EMF clothing just because it's like I just yeah I don't know but I'll do the methylene blue I will bring some hydrogen tablets on the plane and blue blockers and that's probably the extent of what I will do when I get down there I have a hotel that's at the beach so I'll probably try to go straight to the beach do some grounding jump in the water yeah that's that's a plan and I you know obviously I'll fast on the flight it's only like a two hour flight but I think fasting on a long flight I think is really really important for people why would you say if you could explain that to people because I know we're getting a lot of summer travel right now first of all because your blood sugar gets so dysregulated with because no matter what you're either sitting in an airplane which is like a microwave or a tube of farts as some people would say and it's just a terrible environment and it's just a massive stress on your body so even though the mitochondria may not make as much water as they would if you were keto or fasting not in an airplane it's going to be better than if you're eating carbs or I'd actually say any food because yeah because food actually as much as it's really important but it's inherently inflammatory to have to digest anything even if it's nutritious you know so I just think if you just don't put anything in there it's just less burden on the body to have to deal with and then also the whole all of that environment really inhibits your autophagy and you really need that because we do the most autophagy which is sort of the cells dealing with trash as just we'll say in simple terms and repairing the mitochondria and it just gets really hampered with bad circadian rhythm or flights or jet lag so like I was saying before fasting sort of stimulates the NRF2 pathway which it will have ties into glutathione and all sorts of other pathways to do with autophagy and I just think it's just easier because like the more I learn the more I'm looking for 80/20s of how do I make this simple because not everything works and I'm really open-minded to everything but I can also be really analytical and sometimes it's just better to bin stuff that's alright and just go for the good stuff in each category so I would just say fasting is just it just makes it simple and there's no temptation it's easier to regulate your blood sugar and also I just carry on the fast when I get to my destination because the blood sugar is kind of still going to take a while to settle although there may be people who would want a small keto meal but I would just say just be really careful of carbs like when I flew to Vietnam I was so excited about the local and seasonal fruit I just ate it too early once I'd got there and this is another question people ask a lot about eating what when you arrive somewhere so we can move into that. I say wait 48 hours right yeah don't just dive right into it if you're going to you know Costa Rica don't jump off the plane and go straight for the pina colada and all that stuff that's a really bad way to help your body adjust I would stay fasted you know eat something you know sleep that night fasted if you can some people are not going to have that level of fat adoption and they may be stressing you know eat something that's fat and protein nourishing but wait 48 hours until you have properly grounded set yourself to the sun of that environment touch the earth maybe jumped in a body of water if there is one available obviously here there's not but yeah and then you can slowly start to eat what's available you know unless you're like extremely leptin resistant and you're actively trying to reverse that then that's where you may want to be a little bit more cautious right and not just go all out with what's local and seasonal. Oh yeah definitely and that's the thing I was just going to say that you know on my arrival I always ground somewhere and then it's actually easier to go from the UK to the US just because especially where you are because the light cycles are much easier to manage because the UK it's something like 4 40 in the morning until probably 9 30 that's our daytime whereas yours it's probably is it like quarter past six till yeah half our state or something we've got the solstice coming up in a couple of weeks and I think the earliest the sun will come up this during solstice is like 6 15 or so and then it sets at like 8 45 at the latest but then it'll right now I think it's at 6 30 that it's rising and then sun sets at 8 30 but it'll speed up to solstice and then it'll go back down so it's not bad here at the 33rd latitude I feel bad for the people who live in these like extreme northern environments but then it's you know when it's the middle of winter you're not getting sunrise until like 8 39 in the morning you know like it's late that'll come up right oh yeah definitely but I think a lot of it I've just learned how to live in this country because I was thinking about this idea of experiencing a winter because it's actually really good for you to have a summer and a distinct winter and cold and T.S. Wiley is she's a very interesting polymath lady and she was talking about one of the reasons age people ages because if you make an artificial summer in winter you know by not observing proper circadian rhythms you've basically told your body you've had two summers so some clock inside you counts that is two years so even though very interesting I like yes yeah so even though in this country I didn't leave it for like that I won't go into the details I think it was from about 2004 till something like I can't remember I didn't go out a bit for ages and then I always used to spend a lot of time outside and we do have nice weather here but I was always like I always cycled everywhere or walked and like I was saying I hate spending money so I didn't bother to turn heating on so I had I always had the experience of a summer and then and then a proper winter so because a lot of people ask about you know is it a good idea because I'm half New Zealander so I could technically just bugger off to New Zealand every time this winter here and have a summer there but but part of me is kind of thinking actually it's okay to go and do that say for to say two or three weeks because there's lots of benefits of vitamin D and mood and everything but I think if you constantly kind of try and have you know run away from the winter there could be what we should say unforeseen consequences if that makes sense yeah absolutely I think there's a reason why climates are the way they are that people have adapted and lived in certain environments for as long as they have and I think this whole like you have to live at the equator you have to escape the winter I think it's poor like a poor idea just because there are so many benefits to darkness to cold for the mitochondria just like there's a lot of benefits to light people just want to go straight for the sunlight for the because it feels good but we've discussed this a lot there is probably a lot more magnetism where you live up in leads where the UV index doesn't get I mean it's today here it gets to be like a 12 I think oh yeah it's a seven today right that's that's the other really important thing that I was looking you know I went in the massive vitamin D rabbit hole there comes a point where if you try and force more sun on you it just the whole system just shuts down it won't make anything like I discovered when I was at yours remember that time I thought oh yes it's gonna have gone up like 15 points yeah we were like later all happened yeah it went up what like one point maybe yeah yeah but I was only measuring the storage because I hadn't tapped into measuring the active D then so when I like cottoned on the next time round I measured both and then I measured both again and I did work out that my vitamin A to storage vitamin D sorry to active D is the right ratio so a lot of the time with the body I've learned now don't look at numbers look at ratios and this is like when we talk about the HTMA test where people look at absolutes I was beginning to wonder because there's like nothing wrong with me I don't have any like symptoms and I ran loads of other labs I was looking for I want something else you know why is this vitamin D doing this and then then I went in a big deep dive and it just said that if you try and force all that you know UV on you and your body's got plenty of the active and you've got plenty in storage because you know the storage vitamin D isn't meant to be in my blood it could be in my muscles it could be in my fat it could be in my liver and I got to the point where I suddenly thought hang on you know there's I'm trying to have a battle with something that probably is pointless because like you say when we do our own son activities like we do it like jack crews would be proud and it's like there isn't anything you know my magnesium was not brilliant but it wasn't horrific it was like in range and I know if you've got low red blood cell magnesium then you can't make vitamin D properly right I do have some snips but I've made a lot more vitamin D in places where the UVI is seven to about nine so I think there's a comes the point where you can overload it and I think we've talked a lot about going nipping in and out of the sun as well for some people oh I think you I don't think you should just be out there for like an hour straight like I mean now because it's so hot and the UV index is so high like I have to go in 10 minutes go back inside drink some hydrogen water go back out or I'll go like I did yesterday I laid out I got covered and sweat in like 15 minutes jumped in the cold plunge and then went back out and then got covered and sweat went back in the cold plant like it was a lot of fun actually but um what what you're doing is kind of a four-year effect it's sort of like a contrast therapy but if you're using a sauna you're using UV and sun and that could be really helpful for metabolism because that's the other thing that I found really interesting in Georgia because I ran lots of leptin I think I ran it three times actually and I was actually scared of um I didn't know how to reintroduce carbs properly because obviously my brain thought it was still May although my biology was like well hang on a minute this looks like the middle of summer to the UK because the weather in May in Georgia is how our how if we have a good summer would be in August wow so it's one of these things that but also again my biology would know I was in a different locations only that much grounding so hardly worry shoes and I had to buy all the time I had to buy a standing desk for for working because there was loads of effing and being over the laptop and I was like right I'm not using any more um and so the my my body didn't know I was in in a different location I think that's something that a lot of people always ask me questions about is about which carbs to introduce right and like you know for keeping stuff simple didn't we kind of narrow it down to just say the baked apples and honey that that's what I found you know for a treat say if you wanted to treat because that's the other question people you amount like honey I don't do honey like I just like it repels me I'm like well I don't want to do honey honey at all like I I don't know I have never experimented with honey I know a lot of people do but if I'm gonna do carbs it's baked apples I'll do um because I make the little potatoes for James so I'll boil the potatoes put them in the fridge kind of do like a resistant starch type of deal with the potatoes um squashes we did get that oh yes yeah we like squash yes James loved the spaghetti squash as a ball to roll down the hill and explode and we did well I still let it afterwards yeah you did we didn't waste it no and then also I really liked the giant watermelons yeah it was so massive I had to freeze it yeah because it was like well okay idiots now what you're gonna do with this thing because it won't fit in your you know we've got a video of James rolling it down the hill and it's like probably weighs I don't know five or six or seven James's anyway so that I found the frozen watermelon because it's kind of it's um refreshing but it's not too much carbs and sugar um when I'm not used to it's like 11 12 you can stand outside grounded in the middle of that and have the watermelon I think and not have the same blood sugar impact than you would if maybe you were upstairs with all the windows closed eating it you know in April it's you know it's different I feel like when the UV index is higher your body and you're outside eating it then you're obviously we have the studies to show what uh what light does to blood sugar but um yeah there's context because I know a lot of people kind of are on both of our channels that are a keto of carnivore and like what we're talking about right now is like absolute friggin blasphemy to talk about foods that are not meat but you and I have at the same time we have worked with hella thousands of people at this point and we see the nuance and we see like the seasonality and how sunlight actually comes into the equation and can make your body more insulin sensitive or the lack of it more insulin resistant and that you know this is the one thing I wanted you to talk about is uh trying to be carnivore or trying to be very strict keto in this environment where there is a lot of UV um for me I struggled so hard I mean when I look back at my carnivore pictures of when I was really I did a seven-day water fast and I just was like trying so hard to just like make my body adapt to this no-carb carnivore and my body was just fighting me in all all regards during the middle of the summer doing that and I didn't I just didn't get it I just thought well I mean I just made it to me but I'd love for you to just expand on that the strict keto strict carnivore in a in a high UV area and your thoughts on it yeah I think just in simplicity because it's summer the body expects abundance and also thyroid hormone varies throughout the year thyroid hormone it changes in summer versus winter correct yeah exactly and also um yeah absolutely and also I've run so many thyroid labs and like gone mad at them and shown you and you know gone madder then got found quest where I can run things like thyroid uptake and cut a calcium because calcium is a big thing that people miss with low thyroid I just think from just a basic thing it's sort of I've given up fighting mother nature now and if the things are growing my physiology knows they're there and you do need an amount of carbohydrate for certain thyroid conversion reactions but but also it's just something I've done it myself and I had to go I went to this conference once and it was a keto conference and I was being super strict keto and just the level of mania was just on another level and I really appreciate the people like dr jenna and women doctor Ian lake who were really kind and patient with me and best zoopak cania who were just like okay you're obviously completely insane but i'm just going to give you a chance so I'll always remember that because you know when when people are really kind to you when you're in a terrible place it means a lot because obviously there are people who love to kick you or but a lot of people kick people by accident when they're down like trolls on the internet because they obviously don't know what's gone on in your life or my life or what your daughter or son have done and it's like okay i like a woman the other day with the hydrogen coming in and i sent it to you oh yeah exactly we'll come back to the hydrogen machine because that's something that people have got really angry about but it's just one of those things i'm very much okay if you don't want to do it then don't do it just don't do it it's the same with oh buy it yeah don't buy it and also just back to carnivore and keto i think carnivore is really helpful and keto because carnivore is very simple and it can get you started but you'll just find that you know a lot of the times it's more for women than men just because we tend to have more sensitivity to our thyroid back to that again because i was that's the other thing the when i had the little bit of antibodies raised and so so with the whole thyroid thing and women men do encounter thyroid issues but women do more so and then we have to deal with periods and that's another time when if with with um carbs and insulin and progesterone and cycles and everything like that i think um you need um an amount of carbs there but then again always test everything because i ran the progesterone eastern and testosterone over a cycle i also ran pregnant alone d h e a and d h e a s and it was like i was showing you it was like the best period i've had because it was perfect of 29 days and i said oh i could have had a baby uh this month um but again because i'd already that was like the second month i was with you i'd already found a way to reintroduce carbs that were appropriate like again dairy that's not raw um because the calcium has been disturbed that can be a real issue for thyroid because calcium blocks thyroid uptake into their cell um and if people get a htma just because it shows your calcium is low it doesn't mean anything it means because htma is a measuring how much is being excreted and on htma tests you can read you have to read sort of ratios of the main four like the potassium sodium magnesium and calcium even if you just learned how to be an expert in those that's going to be a massive help for you for you know working out what should i eat and that kind of leads me into the other thing about the slow or the fast metabolism or the fast oxygen how many times do we get that in our groups of like i did an htma and i have a slow metabolism and i'm like now you don't oh no because yeah exactly you have a slow metabolism an htma is not going to tell you if your metabolism is slower fast like let's break that down a little bit because it's a very high point of confusion for people and then it's like another way for someone to throw up a roadblock for themselves and say well i'm just this nothing's going to work because i have slow metabolism i'm like let's no no it's not that it's just it's to do with being a fast or a slow oxidizer um and it just means that the people who are technically the fast oxidizers just do better on on a keto diet or fat so that might be people might be saying oh yeah but i've done keto and carnival for 10 years and i just feel amazing well maybe they're a fast oxidizer through and through because there's always going to be grades of everything and then somebody who's more on the the slow oxidation side these people tend to gravitate towards the rapete or the the metabolic thing but then that's a good idea it's like in theory but then the way it gained if you on that can just be horrendous and if you do it wrong all it means is those people are kind of going to find doing cyclical keto or low carb or paleo is going to work for them but it doesn't mean that they can't do keto or fast but then like everything because these h t m a's depend on hormones and minerals and those are controlled by light yes you can be you know i you've done a test where one you one time you're a slow oxidizer and one time you're a fast oxidizer right i've switched but it doesn't but the whole thing about this h t m a test all it's doing is measuring back that that given time right and the how much minerals you got that you were excreting yeah exactly but also i've learned that and in 2020 after the world shut down and i had been stressed out and my life got turned upside down i was a fast metabolizer yeah and then six months later i was all the sudden a slow metabolizer i was a fast one and then i was a slow one so there's like different like fast one two three slow one two three so you don't really want to get out on the outskirts necessarily you want to stick more towards the middle is my understanding i don't know if that's been your understanding i just try not to even like give it a label anymore because i'm just more about looking at the the ratios of these minerals because it's always the same things that are off anyway any potassium yeah exactly and there's all different reasons of why people have potassium that's really low and also again people that can make it worse by eating a high sodium with low potassium but this is going to get too complicated what i'm trying to say is with a h t m a test um not to neglect the fact that um you might have it look like low calcium on the h t m a but that means is not coming out so and it's a very sort of pivotal part of how thyroid functions but but also even with a h t m a it's not like a genetics test it it it you know i could change yeah i'm sure it whatever you know what i would be would could potentially be very different when i'm in the uk in winter yes is in georgia in the summer because like i was saying the hormones influence minerals light influences hormones and there's just numerous ways that that things that things can change but again i think they're really useful if you read them properly but i found you can't do it without the blood minerals again if you try and just read blood minerals without a h t m a you can't completely um look at the look at the snapshot uh properly there but but i think it's just something the reason i brought that up is because people just kind of go crazy over thyroid and i did for ages and sometimes i thought well you know maybe you know yes leptin's really important i've you know done this and i've i wonder what other things i could look at and that's when i got interested in the calcium but then a lot of the time like you just from experience of working with people and talking to a lot of colleagues dairy and weight gain is just comes up all the time and and and again like i was saying the raw dairy the calcium behaves itself whereas in the processed and the unpaste and the homogenized the calcium it sort of gets put it doesn't behave itself so again that chute up in calcium is just a really uh lovely recipe to stop the thyroid getting into the cell and then people gain weight and also it's inflammatory as well and that you know you know what on the deuterium and sort of uh just general inflammation hscrp front is going to block people's um sort of weight loss uh as well yeah so yeah that kind of went off on a tangent but i think what i'm what i'm trying to say is that um as you know as i've got all drive just got more and more i call it the HAP snappagator you know i don't snap at you or the kids but i just get more and more annoyed at people who just present me with one marker and ask me to um tell them why they're ill or they'll send me it tell send me i've had a htma they just tell me what's in it without showing me the picture and expect me to be able to fix everything and without any other labs and like everything labs are not the be all an endle but like i learned by just running my own and i did so and everything possible wrong with labs and trying to fix things because it didn't matter because it was just me not clients and then over the years you kind of work out actually i need all of you know i don't always need five thousand dollars worth of labs there's plenty you can get from quest and even from a htma which isn't that expensive um and you know just just just um you can get a lot out of sort of triglycerides and just just basic things just hba1c's and all of those basic panels because some people have sent me like somebody once sent me in the post a hard drive full of labs like everything you could possibly imagine so i said oh can you just go and get me a lipid panel and and all the glucose thing and the triglycerides were in europe sorry in uk units it was something like 1.6 and in u.s it was something like 150 and the hba1c was obviously like insulin resistance level and they'd spent like all these other labs that's the thing like i understand these master the master hormones right so for a1c is a 5.7 your hscrp is elevated they're we don't even need to necessarily go crazy about all the rest of this stuff until we fix that you know that's why that's how lepton is so crucial in these things and with thyroid and uh because it's it's a master hormone it's going to impact all these other downstream hormones and all these other markers your triglycerides all of that stuff and so people get so caught up in like oh look at this marker and it's like let's look at the a1c crp lepton fasting insulin all let's look at those main things and ferritin as well because even just ferritin by itself right now yeah i i think it's just because it's like the calcium that all minerals are really important but when there's too much of them in the wrong place and then there's so much misinformation about iron and iron overload and molly blessing literally just gave away goodness knows how many hundreds if not a thousand dollars worth of session going through all of my labs and even if people can just understand that ferritin shouldn't be over 50 because once iron gets in the liver and in places it interferes with things like thyroid conversion with sex hormone conversion and stuff like that and it's just again misinformation about where it actually comes from but then back to the lepton that's what i'm like sometimes i actually really don't know with a person so i'd rather why not just keep it really simple and just fix your circadian rhythm but i just don't have clean water stop you know playing on your phone in the evening and just wear blue blocks and stop watching so much tv and walk more and maybe just start there and and i have found even with my own biochemistry the more i've used to fiddle the worse it got and then i eventually like right that's it i'm just i'm not buying any more labs now and i didn't do it for about a year then i went back to doing it and lots of things by themselves seem to have settled back down again and i also stopped pretty much all supplements because i got to the point where despite being a biochemist i'm just messing things up by adding this and this line this like right and end of it i'll just leave it all alone and then revisit it later yeah that's i think people just get caught so caught up and like they listen to all these different podcasts they listen to all these different stuff and they think like i'm gonna try these 30 different supplements and try this and try that and the basics of the things that you just mentioned are not being addressed and so they're just kind of running themselves on this hamster wheel and there's a certain point that i have i've gotten to so let's talk about my husband i was talking about last night because he was listening to because he knows i'm friends with dr tina who's been talking a lot about the glp ones and she was on dr hyman's show with uh cali means who's a doctor and kind of debating him on the whole thing and uh you know it's interesting to hear matt's perspective on all of that and he's still even after everything he still thinks it's comes back to simplifying lifestyle you know rather than giving people medications and i'm like it's always interesting to see how he takes this information in but he and he was also like oh don't you ever don't you haven't you listened to this one have have you been listening to that topic i'm like i just don't listen to a lot of stuff anymore because i like to kind of figure things out and talk full i love talking to people and hearing how does this actually affect you rather than i'll listen to this podcast that's uh like no how does that how is that playing out with everyday people you know like what does that look like exactly that's why uh my ran all those labs because we had an argument in your house it must be the house and i was like right okay well i'll run labs then and they were and there was it's not the house because that was kind of and it's one of those things it's like everything i'll just try everything out as well because it is like you know i you know i don't expect people to listen to me and do what i say i expect them to take on board some suggestions and then get some labs and test for themselves yeah especially over the food because the thing is people get really angry if i just say stop eating college and powder and don't eat dairy if you want to lose weight and get rid of the nuts because it's i've tested it over and over the whole nuts like i had to hide the pecans from myself i wasn't intending to eat them they they were purchased not by me or no you bought them but i was going to make them into makito cookie for your daughter because i do sometimes cook her treats and i very i don't actually eat them not because there's something wrong with them it's just like it's not really my thing yeah and and over and over the nuts like when they get in the dreadful peanut butter that just absolutely no you know absolutely no no no no no i know and i've just learned it's i hardly ever ate it anyway but i must say Reese's stuff's nice and i and i ate like some Reese's eggs Easter and then regretted it and i didn't have anything i came to yours and in this said shop there was like all kinds of Reese's things i'd never tried before so i tried like you know a bit of each one and then the antibodies got worse or like right that's the end no more tasting yeah no more tasting no more peanut butter it's it's and i just can't actually cause antibodies to go up oh yeah but also i think dairy can as well dairy dairy and nuts that's the thing i think can cause the antibodies to go up and like where that we have gotten to with people again because so many people come to my leptin program and to your stuff and they're like all right i want to lose weight i really want to lose weight i'm going to go straight to keto i'm going to go straight to carnivore and i'm like stop no like i i drastically changed my mind about that because number one i find that if people are going to try to make that jump like too quickly it is going to set them up to binge and it's going to set them up to fail so i've revamped how i look at food and i'm like okay you want to lose weight you're getting rid of nut seeds dairy anything processed anything that has a label or a freaking commercial on tv you're not going to eat it and people are like it's restrictive i'm like i didn't tell you to go carnivore i didn't tell you to eat butter i didn't tell you to go keto i just said let's get rid of this stuff it's actually like a confusing signal for your body and it's full of heavy metals the most heavy metals come from processed food and people are always waff waff waffing about the fish and philly whereas actually it's the most is processed food and sure there is some in seafood and i don't deny that the marginal feelings have to balance that out and then you stick to the small fish like the salmon rote oysters sardines you know yeah or just or just tested yeah exactly but also back to the whole thing like you said about the being restrictive a friend of mine said this i really like her phrase because she is like me she likes i wouldn't say it's horrible food but it's kind of what people like things like liver and just meat or fish or you know people would call it oh you're so boring and it's like no it's like to me it's variety but then my friend said actually you shouldn't be eating for entertainment and i just really enjoyed that word and i just really like that phrase because you know i i when a daily basis i think there's some like joy that can be had from food because we yeah we had a couple of times where matt got wahoo for us and that like before you left as something that was fun to do and we sat at the table with the kids and you know it wasn't like horrible food but it was not something that i would have somebody doing a left and reset necessarily eating but i think there is like an enjoyment factor but you don't want to live your life revolving around food is entertaining me like there's that's the goal i think is to separate yourself from i'm eating for enjoyment constantly i enjoy eating for stress or emotion or trying to eat carbs to sleep because actually the kind of glossed over that meal it was much more significant because if anybody knows anything about children in who are like elixir is trying to sit down and have a family meal and also when children you know because james eats the cleanest diet ever on the planet that we could make a whole episode about that but obviously they grab at stuff so it's all about you know actually sitting down and having that meal together without any chaos or somebody crying or throwing something or feeding everything to the dog we actually we actually did it so there was a and that's all about having a meal as a family and it was fun but we wouldn't buy it you know buy it every day and the thing is there wasn't actually too bad i mean there was the i'd never tried grits before and then yeah yeah and then there was the burger like i did have i tried the bread the first time we had it and then i passed because that's another thing like donuts like probably that's another thing for me i'm just absolutely if you've got issues or weight issues or just don't have breads don't have cakes oh i know that's why that's so hard like oh what about sourdough bread the sourdough bread does not have a halo if you are literally left and resistant you're trying to lose weight your blood sugar because lepton signals the glucose insulin axis let's give your body the best chance possible because bread is not a blood sugar friendly food i know that a lot of people might disagree with me um but just even sourdough bread just please just not don't you know it's not for someone who's like you're trying to reverse lepton resistance you're trying to lose weight things we should not be eating bread oats uh nuts and seeds and dairy like those are the things i categorically say eliminate them then when you get to like where i'm at right now like i actually when you got i've gained a little bit of weight since you got to the house because i was looking kind of gaunt when you got here just because stress and life and i just oh yeah because i've seen everything obviously well obviously not your mini mo of course or anything else but you know i have seen i like i don't look i kind of like oh hi sarah how are you and it's like but the whole point it's like i'm not interested it's one of those things it's like yeah okay yes she's um in her whatever's doing her son's stuff i'll just go and find something else to do exactly yeah but i mean i just i was like super thin when you first got here and i probably have put on maybe like five or six pounds which i kind of needed to um but for me okay if i'm like oh i didn't but when did you put it on because i didn't notice last year like it was like the last week that you were here but i didn't notice anything yeah exactly so i think it was the last week you were here and now i'm like okay everything still fits but like my clothes were even like my clothes that i bought that were like a size small were like falling off of me and i was like mmm this is like too much you know it was just it wasn't i was in it wasn't intentionally trying to lose weight it was just like a lot my kids life stress and that was the cool thing about having you here this time because i was in the midst of the life stress kids all the crazy stuff the first time you came i mean kind of hard to describe to people the amount of stress and crazy that was going on that first time you were here but this time we had fun like there was i feel like joy came back into my life this time that you were here and so my body was kind of like okay it looks like you know plumping up my husband's like oh your face looks better it doesn't look so quite like sunken in oh yeah we'll ask another thing about oh anyway but men men you want to know they always it men and children just never involve them in a conversation about your weight just don't say it i don't ask but yeah i will be given the opinion of like your face looks too thin like you know he'll tell me i'm like okay thanks everyone's like um oh how do you think you know you can get away with not wearing deodorant because i don't really wear deodorant i'm like trust me if i smelled bad my husband would tell me like if i was stinky he would tell me like oh yeah that's like another subject of food because i always buy spices and oh yeah and i always mark and i was like oh it's me you know but also happen with matt as well because i because i don't care because it's one of those things i do agree if you have to that's why definitely on carnival when i do keto and don't with spices like you don't i don't need deodorant but this time there's all stuff i head in your in your cabinet or cupboard from last time then i used to like going to the um the muslim shop which was even more like weird things and garlic shop yeah the whole it was really interesting they're really nice to me even though i went in the first time with hardly any clothes on and then froze in terra thinking oh no this is so disrespectful but they were complete and i didn't realize i just thought it was a supermarket but anyway yeah that definitely like i remember the time it was marked like oh don't worry mate it's me and and mark i don't care but but it was one of those things it's like then you learn and and i do agree that you know so there is something to be said about you know um like garlic and spices it can you can end up smelling of them so yeah so yeah so yeah that's and yeah we're just going back to the bread thing is like i'm very left insensitive i almost got to the point of being a little tooth in so yeah we have a meal that i'm not normally going to eat if i have a couple of bites of bread it's not the end of the world right it's not it's okay you know it doesn't ruin everything it doesn't ruin my goals and that's not why i gained like six pounds it was more like oh my body is kind of more relaxed and i do feel like eating a little bit more you know when you're stressed out it's really hard to to eat a lot and it's hard to eat here when the kids are like but one time we got wahoo and what the will to beast yeah matt was all excited about the meal he's like oh yeah he asked us both they got us both excited by i'm gonna get the calamari and we're gonna order this and order that and we were like yeah cool he's ahi tuna like yeah okay cool and then he gets this he goes all the way across town to pick it up brings it back and the kids are just climbing all over everything being completely insane like spamming you and he's like i just don't even have an appetite for this like i can't even eat it oh yeah there was yeah exactly but that's the whole other there's so many interesting things and emotions attached around food and you know it's one of these really delicate subjects but i think back to the bread thing um and you know but how many times did you see me eat bread the whole time you were here for two months oh no we didn't and i didn't even eat any cake i actually one thing i remember i bought the space oreo is because i've never seen any before the hell are these the blue and pink oreo but then i did like the birds enjoy the birds did they eat them or did they just leave oh no the thing is i got the birds in the backyard got really bold to me eventually so anyway so it's one of those things but also like i was just going to say for people in baking sometimes if you do keto baking it looks too much like the real thing and it can be a bit too triggering for people but also it's like one of those things like with weight loss and struggles with weight loss that like lots of times i've thought oh i've got a problem with thyroid or out of connecting or leptin and then when i'm actually analyzed what i'm doing it's like no is it's you all over like you know i think it's one of those things i it's because i've done it all myself and i'm not being unsympathetic i can just see it straight away when people are kind of in denial or you know they haven't given something a chance and they already want to start making sweet potato brownies and i'm like hang on a minute that to your brain that's just too much like a real brownie like stop baking like yeah i just want it to be so simple for people because if it's simple then you can sustain it and you can follow it all right i hope you enjoyed our one of our two-hour conversation next week obviously we're going to delve more into nutrition talk about food sourdough bread which is one that has a health halo that Dr. Sarah and i don't necessarily think should might get might get some unsubscribes and some unfollows after that one but it is again just our experience what we have seen work the best for people who are trying to reverse metabolic issues left in resistance and feel their best lose the weight all of that so again make sure you're subscribed so you can get next week's episode if you do enjoy the show please head on over to apple or spotify to leave us up to a five-star review and if you are watching over on youtube leave us a like leave us a comment to let us know that you enjoy the show we greatly appreciate it and i look forward to seeing you again next week you [BLANK_AUDIO]