Wheat flour is a dispute if its haadama or shehakol. The root of the dispute is that the flour is a changed form from the grain itself. This is not analogous to the case of olive oil where the bracha is haetz even though the form changes from the olive, bc oil is the objective of why we plant olives and not a changed form.

Barley flour and raw pumpkins are shehakol bc they aren’t being eaten in a way that affords prime enjoyment.

Soft palm branches that are edible soft but would harden if they are left on date tree is a dispute in the gemara if they are shehakol or haadama. The reason they would be shehakol is bc the date trees are not planted with the intention of cutting down branches and eating the soft part.

Caper bushes have 3 parts. The berries, their husks, and edible buds in their leaves. The berries are a dispute between Beis Shammai and Hillel whether they are fruit or possibly a vegetable, but we completely disregard Beis Shammai and the berries are certainly fruit. The husks are a dispute between r Eliezer and r akiva if they are fruit. Outside of Israel, one can be lenient regarding Orlah laws and assume the husks are not fruit.

Why are the husks of the caper berries not considered a Shomer, which is subject to Orlah as well? Bc a shomer is something that is necessary for the life of the fruit but the husks of the caper berry aren’t necessary for the berries to live. (This is in contrast to husks of pomegranates or dates that are subject to Orlah as shomrim to the fruit).

Peppercorns are dispute if they are shehakol or no bracha bc it’s not eating at all. Rava says it’s not eating at all and even on Yom Kippur One isn’t liable for eating peppercorns. However, moist fresh peppercorns even rava agrees is considered eating.

Ginger that is moist and fresh is considered eating but dried out ginger is not called a food.

When one of the 5 grains is in a mixture but it’s not the primary ingredient, it’s a dispute if the bracha is Mezonos or not. We rule that the 5 grains are always called the ikar and the bracha is mezonos.

Rav says only the five grains have mezonos but not rice.