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Historical True Crime: Jack the Ripper: The Mystery That Endures (Episode 100)
In this special 100th episode, we dive deep into the infamous case of Jack the Ripper. From the prime suspects to the ongoing debates about his identity, we unravel the mysteries surrounding the brutal murders in Victorian London.
Source Materials:
https://allthatsinteresting.com/jack-the-ripper-suspects
https://www.jack-the-ripper.org/
https://www.casebook.org/intro.html
https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/jack-the-ripper.htm
https://www.discoverbritain.com/history/historic-events/jack-the-ripper/
https://globalnews.ca/news/10364161/jack-the-ripper-case-file-auction/
https://allthatsinteresting.com/jack-the-ripper-victims
https://thelittlehouseofhorrors.com/jack-the-ripper/
- Broadcast on:
- 04 Oct 2024
- Audio Format:
- other
[music] Hello and welcome to historical true crime, the podcast that looks back at history's darkest crimes and criminals. And today is our hundredth episode. I can't believe we've hit this incredible milestone. And I just want to take a moment to thank each and every one of you for joining me on this journey. Whether you've been with me since episode one, shout out to Brent, one of our most avid and vocal supporters, or you're tuning in for the very first time, I am just thrilled to have you here. Over the course of these hundred episodes, we've explored some of history's most fascinating, chilling and mysterious stories. And today we're going to dive into one of the greatest unsolved cases of all time, Jack the Ripper. His reign of terror in Victorian London still haunts the world, and for over a century, people have speculated, researched, and debated who this elusive figure could be. But the question remains, will we ever truly know? So buckle up as we unravel the web of suspects, theories, and mysteries surrounding this iconic case. From the chilling facts to the modern day obsession that birthed an entire field of study known as ripperology, we're going all in for our hundredth episode. So let's get started. Today we journey back to the fog-shrouted streets of Victorian London, where one of the most infamous killers in history left a trail of fear and fascination that endures to this day. It's the autumn of 1888, the east end of London is a labyrinth of narrow alleys, dim gaslights, and a population struggling to survive in squalid conditions. Amidst this backdrop of poverty and desperation, the shadowy figure emerges, targeting the vulnerable and leaving behind a gruesome legacy. This is the story of Jack the Ripper. In the district of White Chapel, life is a constant struggle for the working class, with overcrowded housing and rampant disease. But the residents are about to face a new terror, one that will grip the city in a vice of fear and speculation. The first victim, Mary Ann Nichols, is found in the early hours of August 31. Her body mutilated in a manner so brutal, it shocks even the most hardened detectives. For the next months, the Ripper's reign of terror will continue. Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Ettos and Mary Jane Kelly, will all meet a similar horrific fate, each murder more gruesome than the last, each discovery deepening the mystery and hysteria that now engulfs White Chapel. Even after Scotland Yard conducts a thorough investigation, Jack the Ripper's identity will remain unknown. The suspicions and threats and letters are allegedly written by the murderer for their heightened public fear and media hysteria. Though there are many theories and suspects that are named and then dismissed, the Ripper's mysterious identity remains out of grasp, a specter that haunts the city's gloomy corners. In the late 1800s, White Chapel and the surrounding areas of East London were emblematic of the stark divide between wealth and poverty in Victorian society. The neighborhood was a densely populated urban sprawl, characterized by narrow winding streets and amaze of cramped alleyways. Overcrowding was rampant, with multiple families often sharing small, dilapidated housing units. Many residents lived in what were referred to as slums, where sanitation was poor and basic amenities were scarce. The living conditions in White Chapel were grim. Many homes lacked proper ventilation and sanitation, leading to the spread of diseases like cholera and tuberculosis. The area was a hotbed for health crises, exasperated by the influx of impoverished immigrants seeking a better life. With an estimated population density of over 60,000 people per square mile, the strain on resources was palpable. Both in poverty were daily realities for the inhabitants, leading to a culture of desperation. During this period, East London became a melting pot of cultures, with waves of immigrants arriving from Ireland, Eastern Europe, and beyond. The influx was driven by a mix of economic hardship and political unrest in their home countries. This mix of cultures created a vibrant community, but it also fueled tensions and competition for scarce resources. The backdrop of poverty and overcrowding contributed to a rising tide of violent crime. The streets of White Chapel were notorious for muggings, assaults, and gang violence. The police struggled to maintain order in an environment where criminal activity often went unchecked. With law enforcement outnumbered and under-resourced, communities lived in fear of both street crime and the specter of more sinister threats. One of the most visible aspects of life in White Chapel was the prevalence of prostitution. Many women turned to sex work as a means of survival, often facing brutal conditions and violence. The fallen women of the area, those forced into prostitution, were frequently victims of exploitation and societal stigma. The infamous murders of women like Marianne Nichols and Annie Chapman highlighted the dangers these women face daily. Immigration was not only a consequence of poverty, but also a complex social issue tied to the economic landscape of the time. This environment provided fertile ground for the emergence of the Ripper, a shadowy figure who preyed upon the most vulnerable members of society. The social fabric of East London during this era was woven with hardship, shaping the events that would forever mark its history. But before the infamous Jack the Ripper would terrorize White Chapel. Other brutal crimes would highlight the dangers of Victorian London's East End. Emma Elizabeth Smith, a 45-year-old widow and mother, lived a hard life on the fringes of society. By 1888, she had resorted to prostitution to survive. On the night of April 12, 1888, Emma was attacked by a gang of men on Osborne Street. Despite her severe injuries, she managed to return to her lodging house and recounted her ordeal. She was taken to the London hospital, where it was found she had been savagely beaten and sexually assaulted. Emma succumbed to her injuries two days later. Inspector Edmund Reed would lead the investigation, but the case went cold due to a lack of evidence and general apathy towards crimes against sex workers. Emma's murder while shocking was unfortunately not uncommon in White Chapel, though not officially linked to Jack the Ripper. Emma Smith is considered the first victim in the White Chapel murders. Her story would serve as a grim prelude to the infamous crimes that would follow. Martha Tabrum's death is another haunting prelude to the Ripper murders. Martha, a 39-year-old woman, struggled to survive in the harsh environment of the East End, often resorting to prostitution. On the night of August 6, 1888, Martha was seen with a client in the George Yard buildings, a notorious slum. The following morning, her body was discovered on a landing of the building. She had been brutally stabbed 39 times, a level of violence that was shocking. Inspector Edmund Reed in the H Division of the Metropolitan Police investigated the murder, but they faced numerous challenges. The lack of any kind of forensic technology and reliable eyewitnesses hindered their efforts. Martha's killer would never be identified. Her murder, occurring just before the Jack the Ripper murders, shares several similarities, though these cases do remain officially unconnected. Now the autumn of 1888 would see a series of brutal murders in White Chapel that would etch the name Jack the Ripper into history. These victims, known collectively as the Canonical Five, were all women living in poverty who turned to prostitution to survive. Their horrific deaths share chilling similarities that have confounded investigators and fascinated the public for over a century. These five murders occurring between August 31 and November 9, 1888 were part of the broader White Chapel murders I mentioned before, a time of intense fear. Though there would be 11 murders in total during this period, these five of them about to cover are the only ones officially attributed to the Ripper. Mary Ann or Polly Nichols would be the first of the Canonical Five, the 44-year-old woman down on her luck. By all accounts Polly was impoverished and known to have a drinking problem, which made survival in the slums of White Chapel even more difficult. According to all that's interesting.com, on August 30th, Polly would go to the frying pan pub, a neighborhood bar and become so inebriated that she would spend all of the money she needed to pay for a bed at her lodging home. So when she returned at the end of the night, she was refused entry. She reportedly said, "Never mind." Polly, who seemed indifferent about having now to locate cash for a bed, said gesturing to her straw bonnet adorned with black velvet, "I'll soon get my DOS money. See what a jolly bonnet I've got now." She left, likely intending to do sex work to get money needed for a bed. She'd run into fellow lodger Emily Holland around 2.30am, who would attempt to persuade Polly to go back to the lodging house. Emily subsequently recalled that Polly appeared drunk and declined to go back with her. "I've had my lodging money three times today," Polly told her, "then I've spent it." Emily would be the last person to see Polly alive. Less than an hour later, her body would be discovered on Buck's Row. Her throat slashed with a brutal 8-inch cut. Her abdomen had been mutilated. A sign of what would become Jack the Ripper's chilling signature. The investigation into Polly's death revealed that her injuries were precise, with indications that Killer may have had some anatomical knowledge. The first murder sent ripples through the White Chappell community, but little did police know, this was only the beginning of a series of horrifying crimes. Annie Chapman, the second victim of Jack the Ripper, led a life marked by hardship and tragedy, much like Polly. Born in 1840, Annie endured early trauma when her father died by suicide, which led her to start drinking at a young age. In 1869, she'd marry a man named John Chapman, and while they initially built her life together, it began to unravel after the birth of her children. Of the three, one was born disabled and later placed in an institution, and another died at the age of 12. The lost drove both Annie and her husband into heavy drinking, eventually leading to their separation in the mid-1880s. After this, John would die of cirrhosis of the liver and dropsy, leaving Annie destitute. She would lose the ten shillings he would send her every week, forcing her into an even more precarious situation. Like Polly, Annie turned to lodging homes for shelter, and eventually resorted to sex work to survive. By 1888, she was a regular at Crossingham's lodging house on Dorset Street, where she was remembered as being inoffensive, but clearly in poor health. She possibly suffered from tuberculosis and syphilis, and shortly before her death was seen with pills and bottles of medicine. Her fellow lodgers recalled her complaining she was "too ill to do anything." Despite her struggles, Annie did get into an argument with another lodger, possibly over a man or even something as trivial as a bar of soap, just days before her murder. On the morning of September 8, 1888, Annie's difficult life would reach a tragic end. Like Polly, she had been turned away from her lodging home because she didn't have enough money for a bed. She promised to return soon with the money, but fate had other plans. At around 5.30am, a witness reports seeing Annie talking to a man near 29 Hanbury Street. The two disappeared into the backyard of the building, where approximately 30 minutes later, Annie would be found dead. The brutality of the scene was shocking, her throat had been slashed, and her abdomen had been entirely laid open. The ripper had removed her intestines and placed them on her shoulder. Even more gruesome, he'd taken her uterus, part of her vagina, and portions of her bladder. The surgical precision of the mutilation further fueled the belief that the killer had to possess some sort of anatomical knowledge. Annie's murder intensified the fear gripping white chapel, and then the police investigation struggled to keep up with the rising panic. Just a few weeks later, on September 29, Scotland Yard would receive a chilling letter from someone claiming to be the killer. It was in this letter that the infamous name, Jack the Ripper, would be used for the very first time, cementing the name in history. Unlike the Ripper's first two victims, Elizabeth Stride was not born in England, but in Sweden. Born in 1843, she would move to England in 1866 in search of a better life. However, like many in white chapel, her story would be marked by hardship and misfortune. In 1869, she married John Thomas Stride, but their relationship was volatile. After years of difficulties they'd separate in 1881, three years later, in 1884, John would die of tuberculosis. Following his death, Elizabeth began to fabricate parts of her past, claiming that both her husband and a fictional child had died in a shipwreck on the River Thames. A disaster she falsely stated, she had survived. This tragic narrative, though entirely untrue, perhaps reflected Elizabeth's growing sense of isolation and despair. Despite pulling an ante, Elizabeth turned to sex work to make ends meet, and she also struggled with alcoholism. She was arrested on approximately eight occasions for drunken disorderly conduct. Although those who knew her described her as relatively calm, despite these struggles. On the night of September 30, 1888, Elizabeth would cross paths with Jack the Ripper. At around 1245, she was seen with a man near Burner Street in a dark secluded area. Less than an hour later, her body would be discovered in that field's yard. Her throat had been viciously cut, so deep she was nearly decapitated. However, unlike previous victims, Elizabeth's body showed no further mutilation. Investigators would speculate that the Ripper had been interrupted before he could complete his brutal ritual. This theory gained traction, when just 45 minutes later, Jack the Ripper claimed his next victim, Catherine Eddows. Catherine was found murdered on the morning of September 30, 1888, shortly after Elizabeth's body was discovered. However, the story of her life differs in many ways from that of the Ripper's other victims. Born in 1842, Catherine spent many years with a man named Thomas Conway, with whom she had three children. Though one married, they made a living by selling cheap novels and gallows ballads, about notorious crimes and executions. Their relationship would end in 1888 to reportedly due to Catherine's heavy drinking. Their daughter Annie later confirmed that her mother's drinking habits were the cause of the split. Unlike some of the Ripper's other victims who turned his sex work after losing their partners, Catherine continued on a different path. After moving into a lodging home, she met a man named John Kelly, the two formed a close relationship with Catherine even taking his last name. People who knew her described her as a very jolly woman, always singing. And many denied she was ever involved in sex work. Nonetheless, Catherine did live in dire poverty. In the days leading up to her murder, she and Kelly attempted to make money by harvesting hops. But the work didn't go well. Catherine was again left destitute, and on the night of her death, she thought shelter in the casual ward, a place where the poorest could stay when they had nowhere else to go. Catherine's murder was particularly brutal. Her throat had been slashed. Her abdomen was disemboweled. Her face was horrifically mutilated. And the killer had removed her left kidney in much of her uterus. Again, investigators suspected that the Ripper likely interrupted during his attack on Elizabeth had taken out his anger on Catherine. Adding to the mystery, police found a torn piece of Catherine's apron nearby. Along with graffiti that read, "The Jews are the men that will not be blamed for nothing." Authorities would wash the writing away for fear of inciting anti-Semitic riots. And they were never sure if it was connected to the case. A few weeks later, the investigation would take an eerie turn when a letter addressed from hell arrived at Scotland Yard, containing a piece of human kidney, believed to be from Catherine Ettos. But of all of Jack the Ripper's victims, Mary Jane Kelly, the fifth and last of the canonical victims, would suffer the most gruesome death. Little is certain about Mary Jane's early life. Born in 1863 in Ireland, she eventually moved to Wales. After her brief marriage to a coal miner ended, when he died in an accident, Mary Jane would turn to sex work to survive. By 1884 she was living in London, where she reportedly worked in upscale brothel. In 1886, Mary Jane met Joseph Barnad at Cooley's lodging house. Their relationship progressed quickly. After meeting only twice, they decided to live together. However, their first home didn't last long, as the couple was evicted for drunkenness and failing to pay rent. They'd soon move into Thirteen Miller's court on Dorset Street. When Joseph lost his job, Mary Jane returned to sex work to make ends meet. Though they fought and Joseph eventually moved out, he continued to see her regularly. In fact, he visited Mary Jane on the evening of November 8, just hours before her death. After staying with her for about an hour, Joseph left around 8 p.m. Mary Jane then went out drinking, and witnesses saw her at several pubs that night. She was last heard singing in her room in the early hours of November 9. By noon that day, Mary Jane's landlord had come to collect overdue rent. When she did an answer, he peered through the window and discovered her mutilated body. Police arrived at the scene to find the 25-year-old lying in bed with her head turned. Mary Jane's killer had savagely carved out her abdominal cavity, mutilated her face and breast, removed part of her left arm, and scattered her organs throughout the room. Her heart was missing. The violent shocked investigators, Mary Jane's murder was far more horrific than the others, suggesting an escalation. And despite the intense efforts of both the Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police, the killer's identity eluded authorities, leaving behind a trail of gruesome murders, protest clues, and public fear. Central to the investigation were the series of letters allegedly sent by the murderer, which played a significant role in shaping both the investigation and the media's portrayal of the case. From the first murder in August 1888, the White Chappell District of London was gripped by fear. The police would launch an extensive investigation, led initially by Inspector Frederick Aberlein. Along with other key figures like Sir Charles Warren, the commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, and Detective Inspector Edmund Reed. Despite their combined efforts, the investigation was hampered by several factors. The poor conditions in White Chappell, the confusion of overlapping jurisdictions, and the sheer lack of forensic techniques at the time. The police interviewed hundreds of witnesses and suspects, ranging from local butchers and doctors, to known criminals and eccentric figures, like Montagu, John Druid, and Aaron Kisminski, both later considered suspects. However, no one was definitively linked to the crimes, and most potential leads just turned out to be dead ends. Adding to the chaos were a series of letters sent to the police and the press, reportedly from the killer himself. The most famous of these is the Dear Boss letter, received by the Central News Agency on September 27, 1888, just before the murders of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Ettos. Sign Jack the Ripper, this letter was the first to use the nounatorious name. Initially dismissed as a hoax, the letter gained credibility after Catherine's murder, when her ear was found partially severed, matching a detail from that letter. It was soon published in newspapers spreading the Jack the Ripper name across the world. Another letter known as the Saucy Jackie postcard was received just two days after the double murder of Elizabeth and Catherine on October 1, 1888. The writer gloated about the murders, claiming responsibility for both, and hinting that there would be more to come. The postcard's timing along with the details that match the crime scene, suggesting that it might indeed have come from the killer. The most disturbing correspondence came on October 16, when George Lusk, head of the white chapel vigilance committee, received the infamous from hell letter. In close with the letter was a small box containing half of a human kidney. The letter written in a crude and barely literate hand, taunted Lusk and claimed that the killer had fried and eaten the other half of the kidney. Catherine Ettos, one of the Ripper's victims, did have her kidney removed, leading many to believe the from hell letter was genuine. Despite these letters, the police had little concrete evidence to work with. Their investigation was further hampered by the massive public interest in media frenzy surrounding the case, which often led to false reports and hoaxes. Many of the letters sent to police and press during this time were proven to be fabrications, likely written by journalists or pranksters eager to capitalize on the public's fear. In addition to the letters, the investigation was marked by a number of frustrating near misses. Police received numerous tips and even conducted surveillance on suspects, but none of the leads resulted in the capture. Investigators were also divided on whether Jack the Ripper was responsible for all of the white chapel murders or just the canonical five. The overlapping investigations of the metropolitan and city of London police only added to the confusion, as did the pressure from a public desperate for answers. Despite the efforts of hundreds of officers, including some of the era's most notable detectives, the investigation failed to definitively identify Jack the Ripper. The identity of Jack the Ripper has long captivated the public, leading to numerous theories and a myriad of suspects since the gruesome murders took place. Over the years various individuals have emerged as potential Jack the Rippers, with each theory reflecting the social, cultural and historical context of its time. I'll be covering just a few of the most prominent suspects in the case. The first is Montague John Drewett, a barrister and teacher he was considered a prime suspect shortly after the murders occurred. He had a troubled personal life and was reported to have committed suicide in the Thames shortly after the last murder, leading police to speculate he could have been the Ripper. Shortly before Montague John drew its disappearance in death in 1888, Jack the Ripper claimed his final victim Mary Jane Kelly. Rumors began to circulate that the Ripper had drowned in the River Thames. In 1891 MP Henry Richard Farquasen suggested that Jack the Ripper was "the son of a surgeon" who had committed suicide after Kelly's murder. This idea gained traction with law enforcement and journalists supporting it. Drewett the son of a surgeon who drowned shortly after Kelly's death was named as a suspect by the assistant chief constable in 1894. However, the case against Drewett is weak. His family had a history of mental health issues including his mother who had been institutionalized. Moreover, Drewett had many alibis as he was reportedly working or playing cricket during the murders. The only links to the crimes were circumstantial and Drewett lacked medical training which many believed the Ripper possessed. His suicide note suggested he feared inheriting his mother's mental illness indicating his struggles were more personal than criminal. The next suspect George Chapman was born in Poland in 1865 and moved to London around 1887. He worked as a barber and married a woman named Lucy despite already being married in Poland. Their relationship turned abusive, prompting Lucy to return to London after giving birth to their daughter. Chapman entered many common law relationships with all of his partners, Mary Spink, Bessie Taylor and Maude Marsh, all who died under suspicious circumstances from poisoning. Chapman would be convicted of their murders and hung on April 7, 1903. Inspector Frederick George Aberlein suggested Chapman could be Jack the Ripper, noting he arrived in London when the Ripper murders began and left for America when they stopped. However, there's little solid evidence linking him to the crimes. Chapman's victims were women he knew and he typically used poison, which differed from the Ripper's brutal methods. Douts also exist about his English proficiency at the time, which would have hindered his ability to lure victims. Another very commonly discussed suspect is James Maybrick, born in 1838. He was a Liverpool cotton merchant who frequently traveled between England and the US. He settled in Virginia in 1871, where he contracted malaria and became addicted to arsenic-based medicine. After returning to Liverpool around 1880, Maybrick would marry Florence Chandler, a woman significantly younger than him. Their marriage quickly deteriorated and both began extra marital affairs. In May 1889, Maybrick died at the age of 50, prompting his family to suspect foul play. Things was accused of poisoning him but was released in 1904 after the evidence against her proved shaky. In 1992, a diary allegedly belonging to Maybrick surfaced, claiming he was Jack the Ripper. The diary's author took credit for the five Ripper victims, suggesting a motive linked to his wife's infidelity. Experts have debated the diary's authenticity, and while some details seem accurate, the circumstances of its discovery raised doubts. Additionally, a Victorian pocket watch inscribed with "I Am Jack" James Maybrick was found, further fueling speculation. However, both the diary and the watch lacked conclusive evidence tying Maybrick to the Ripper murders, and little else is known about his life that connects him to the infamous crimes. And I've saved the two most infamous suspects for last. France's Tumble Tea, born around 1834, is a controversial figure with a murky past. He could have originated from Ireland or Canada before settling in Rochester, New York around 1844. Initially described as a dirty, awkward boy, he reinvented himself as an Indian herb doctor in the 1850s, but faced legal issues including an arrest for attempted abortion in 1857. By 1888 while in London, Tumble Tea was arrested for gross indecency. His misogynistic views and alleged anatomical interest led to speculation about his connection to the Jack the Ripper murders. He was free on bail when the last murder occurred, and the killing ceased shortly after he fled England. Interest in Tumble Tea is a Ripper suspect grew in the 1990s, spurred by a letter from Chief Inspector John Littlechild, suggesting he was a potential suspect. George Evans and Ganey published a book linking him to the murders, citing his timing and knowledge of anatomy. However, much of the evidence against him remained circumstantial, and doubts about his true involvement persist, as he wasn't known for violence, and was released by the authorities without them pursuing extradition. And lastly, we'll cover Aaron Kisminski, born in 1865 in Poland, who was a barber living in Whitechapel during the time of the murders. He immigrated to London with his brother Isaac in the early 1870s, while Isaac pursued a successful career as a tailor. In contrast, Aaron struggled to maintain steady employment, purportedly working sporadically as a barber and being largely inactive by 1891. Kisminski was known to suffer from severe mental illness, described in Melville-McNaughton's 1894 memoranda, as having a profound hatred of women, particularly prostitutes, and strong homicidal tendencies. He was admitted to a lunatic asylum in March 1889, and spent the rest of his life in various institutions, ultimately dying in 1919. Kisminski's connection to the Ripper case remained obscure for decades, until a 2019 forensic study suggested he could be the killer. Researchers analyzed a shawl found near the body of Catherine Ettos, an identified DNA that closely matched a living relative of Kisminski. While some hailed this as conclusive evidence, critics noted that the analysis relied on mitochondrial DNA, which is less definitive, and questioned the shawl's chain of custody and potential contamination. Additionally, Kisminski's name appeared in historical notes from the investigation. With assistant commissioner Sir Robert Anderson, noting a witness who identified him as the murderer, but refused to testify against him. Despite the compelling arguments on both sides, the true identity of Jack the Ripper remains a topic of debate, leaving the mystery unsolved. While figures like Tumblety and Kisminski have garnered attention and as potential suspects, many other names have been put forward, each accompanied by varying degrees of evidence and theory, from well known personalities to obscure figures, the quest to uncover the Ripper's true identity as sparked debates that remain to this day. The narrative surrounding Jack the Ripper is not solely confined to those five canonical victims, but has expanded over time to include others who could have fallen prey to the same killer. Some researchers argue that the Ripper claimed additional victims, citing patterns in the murders and proximity of other unsolved cases. The inclusion of these victims has complicated the investigation, suggesting a more extensive network of violence in London during this period. Each name added to the list of potential victims raises new questions and emphasizes the tragic consequences of this dark chapter in history. The impact of Jack the Ripper on society was profound and multifaceted. The gruesome nature of the crimes and the media frenzy that followed transformed public perception of crime and safety. The fascination of this case gave rise to an entirely new field of study, known as Ripperology, where amateur sleuths and professional historians alike dissect every detail of this case. Ripperologists have developed an extensive body of literature, theories and research dedicated to unraveling the mystery. Starting Jack the Ripper into an enduring figure of popular culture and criminal lore. As we conclude this episode, we reflect on this enduring mystery and the myriad of theories that continue to emerge. Each suspect, each victim, each new revelation adds layers to a story that has captivated minds for over a century. While we may never uncover the truth behind the identity of Jack the Ripper, the impact of the crimes and the ongoing pursuit of justice continue to resonate. And with that, we'll come to the end of this episode. Now, there is so much more information out there on Jack the Ripper, potential victims, potential suspects, and if you're interested, there's a host of podcasts that do a much deeper dive. But I hope you've enjoyed my coverage of Jack the Ripper, and if you did, please remember to review, rate, subscribe wherever you listen to your podcasts. And you can find us online at historicaltruecrime.com, follow us on Instagram at historical true crime pod, or send me an email directly at historical true crime pod at gmail.com. And I'll see you next week for another dark and notorious case from history. I'll see you then. [MUSIC]